真空鍍膜的三種種類

來源:林上科技   發布時間:2012/03/26 22:26  瀏覽:3595

真空鍍膜有三種形式:
????? 1:蒸發鍍膜
????? 2:濺射鍍膜
????? 3:離(li)子鍍

一:蒸發鍍膜?

通過加熱蒸發某種物質使其沉積在固體表面,稱為蒸發鍍膜。這種方法最早由M.法拉第于1857年提出,現代已成為常用鍍膜技術之一。
?? 蒸發物質如金屬、化合物等置于坩堝內或掛在熱絲上作為蒸發源,待鍍工件,如金屬、陶瓷、塑料等基片置于坩堝前方。待系統抽至高真空后,加熱坩堝使其中的物質蒸發。蒸發物質的原子或分子以冷凝方式沉積在基片表面。薄膜厚度可由數百埃至數微米。膜厚決定于蒸發源的蒸發速率和時間(或決定于裝料量),并與源和基片的距離有關。對于大面積鍍膜,常采用旋轉基片或多蒸發源的方式以保證膜層厚度的均勻性。從蒸發源到基片的距離應小于蒸氣分子在殘余氣體中的平均自由程,以免蒸氣分子與殘氣分子碰撞引起化學作用。蒸氣分子平均動能約為0.1~0.2電子伏。
?? 蒸發源有三種類型。
?? ①電阻加熱源:用難熔金屬如鎢、鉭制成舟箔或絲狀,通以電流,加熱在它上方的或置于坩堝中的蒸發物質電阻加熱源主要用于蒸發Cd、Pb、Ag、Al、Cu、Cr、Au、Ni等材料。
?? ②高頻感應加熱源:用高頻感應電流加熱坩堝和蒸發物質。
?? ③電子束加熱源:適用于蒸發溫度較高(不低于2000[618-1])的材料,即用電子束轟擊材料使其蒸發。
?? 蒸發鍍膜(mo)與其(qi)他真空鍍膜(mo)方法相比,具有較高的(de)沉積速率(lv),可鍍制單質和不易(yi)熱分解(jie)的(de)化合物膜(mo)。

二:濺射鍍膜?

用(yong)高(gao)能(neng)粒子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)轟擊固(gu)(gu)體(ti)(ti)表(biao)面時(shi)能(neng)使(shi)固(gu)(gu)體(ti)(ti)表(biao)面的(de)(de)(de)粒子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)獲(huo)得(de)能(neng)量并(bing)逸出(chu)表(biao)面,沉積(ji)在(zai)(zai)基片(pian)(pian)上(shang)(shang)(shang)。濺(jian)(jian)射(she)(she)現象于1870年(nian)開始用(yong)于鍍膜(mo)(mo)(mo)技術,1930年(nian)以(yi)后由于提高(gao)了沉積(ji)速率(lv)而逐(zhu)漸用(yong)于工業生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)。通(tong)(tong)常(chang)將欲沉積(ji)的(de)(de)(de)材料制成(cheng)板(ban)材——靶(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba),固(gu)(gu)定在(zai)(zai)陰極(ji)上(shang)(shang)(shang)。基片(pian)(pian)置于正(zheng)對(dui)靶(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)面的(de)(de)(de)陽極(ji)上(shang)(shang)(shang),距靶(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)幾(ji)厘(li)米。系(xi)統抽至高(gao)真空后充入 10~1帕(pa)的(de)(de)(de)氣(qi)體(ti)(ti)(通(tong)(tong)常(chang)為氬氣(qi)),在(zai)(zai)陰極(ji)和(he)陽極(ji)間加幾(ji)千伏電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓,兩極(ji)間即產(chan)(chan)生(sheng)輝(hui)光放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)產(chan)(chan)生(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)正(zheng)離(li)(li)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)在(zai)(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)場作用(yong)下飛向(xiang)陰極(ji),與靶(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)表(biao)面原子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)碰撞,受碰撞從(cong)靶(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)面逸出(chu)的(de)(de)(de)靶(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)原子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)稱為濺(jian)(jian)射(she)(she)原子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi),其(qi)能(neng)量在(zai)(zai)1至幾(ji)十(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)伏范圍。濺(jian)(jian)射(she)(she)原子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)在(zai)(zai)基片(pian)(pian)表(biao)面沉積(ji)成(cheng)膜(mo)(mo)(mo)。與蒸發鍍膜(mo)(mo)(mo)不同,濺(jian)(jian)射(she)(she)鍍膜(mo)(mo)(mo)不受膜(mo)(mo)(mo)材熔點的(de)(de)(de)限(xian)制,可(ke)濺(jian)(jian)射(she)(she)W、Ta、C、Mo、WC、TiC等難熔物(wu)質。濺(jian)(jian)射(she)(she)化(hua)合物(wu)膜(mo)(mo)(mo)可(ke)用(yong)反(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)濺(jian)(jian)射(she)(she)法(fa),即將反(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)氣(qi)體(ti)(ti) (O、N、HS、CH等)加入Ar氣(qi)中,反(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)氣(qi)體(ti)(ti)及其(qi)離(li)(li)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)與靶(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)原子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)或濺(jian)(jian)射(she)(she)原子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)發生(sheng)反(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)生(sheng)成(cheng)化(hua)合物(wu)(如(ru)氧化(hua)物(wu)、氮化(hua)物(wu)等)而沉積(ji)在(zai)(zai)基片(pian)(pian)上(shang)(shang)(shang)。沉積(ji)絕緣(yuan)(yuan)膜(mo)(mo)(mo)可(ke)采(cai)用(yong)高(gao)頻(pin)濺(jian)(jian)射(she)(she)法(fa)。基片(pian)(pian)裝(zhuang)在(zai)(zai)接(jie)(jie)地的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)上(shang)(shang)(shang),絕緣(yuan)(yuan)靶(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)裝(zhuang)在(zai)(zai)對(dui)面的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)上(shang)(shang)(shang)。高(gao)頻(pin)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源一(yi)端(duan)接(jie)(jie)地,一(yi)端(duan)通(tong)(tong)過匹(pi)配(pei)網絡和(he)隔直流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容接(jie)(jie)到裝(zhuang)有絕緣(yuan)(yuan)靶(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)上(shang)(shang)(shang)。接(jie)(jie)通(tong)(tong)高(gao)頻(pin)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源后,高(gao)頻(pin)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓不斷改(gai)變(bian)極(ji)性。等離(li)(li)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)體(ti)(ti)中的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)和(he)正(zheng)離(li)(li)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)在(zai)(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓的(de)(de)(de)正(zheng)半(ban)周和(he)負(fu)半(ban)周分別(bie)打到絕緣(yuan)(yuan)靶(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)上(shang)(shang)(shang)。由于電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)遷移率(lv)高(gao)于正(zheng)離(li)(li)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi),絕緣(yuan)(yuan)靶(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)表(biao)面帶(dai)負(fu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian),在(zai)(zai)達(da)到動態平(ping)衡(heng)時(shi),靶(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)處于負(fu)的(de)(de)(de)偏置電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)位,從(cong)而使(shi)正(zheng)離(li)(li)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)對(dui)靶(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)的(de)(de)(de)濺(jian)(jian)射(she)(she)持續進行。采(cai)用(yong)磁(ci)控(kong)濺(jian)(jian)射(she)(she)可(ke)使(shi)沉積(ji)速率(lv)比非磁(ci)控(kong)濺(jian)(jian)射(she)(she)提高(gao)近一(yi)個數量級。

三:離子鍍

蒸發物質的分子被電子碰撞電離后以離子沉積在固體表面,稱為離子鍍。這種技術是D.麥托克斯于1963年提出的。離子鍍是真空蒸發與陰極濺射技術的結合。將基片臺作為陰極,外殼作陽極,充入惰性氣體(如氬)以產生輝光放電。從蒸發源蒸發的分子通過等離子區時發生電離。正離子被基片臺負電壓加速打到基片表面。未電離的中性原子(約占蒸發料的95%)也沉積在基片或真空室壁表面。電場對離化的蒸氣分子的加速作用(離子能量約幾百~幾千電子伏)和氬離子對基片的濺射清洗作用,使膜層附著強度大大提高。離子鍍工藝綜合了蒸發(高沉積速率)與濺射(良好的膜層附著力)工藝的特點,并有很好的繞射性,可為形狀復雜的工件鍍膜。

? 鍍膜材料的光學性能檢測,采用透光率儀在線太陽膜測試儀,?光密度儀器測試

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